The tanker sector plays a crucial role in global energy supply chains, moving crude oil and refined oil products to facilitate their eventual use as transportation fuels, for heating and electricity generation, and as industrial feedstocks. Overall, the tanker shipping market saw a <mark style="background-color:yellow">significant</mark> improvement in 2022 to historically strong conditions, supported by post-COVID-19 improvements in global oil demand and supply and the impacts from the Russia-Ukraine conflict, which included disruption of vessel availability and trading patterns. The Clarksons average tanker earnings index rose five-fold in 2022 to US$40,766 per day, the highest level since 2008. The VLCC segment took longer to recover than other sectors amid COVID-19-related disruption in China in the first half. However, improved Chinese demand later in the year, higher OPEC+ oil supply and increased long-haul US exports all supported gains in the second half. The Suezmax and Aframax segments were heavily impacted by the Russia-Ukraine conflict due to shifts in trade patterns, including the supportive impact of longer transport distances for European crude imports and Russian exports, with Suezmax earnings rising significantly above long-run averages and Aframax earnings reaching the highest levels on record. Product tanker earnings also strengthened considerably after the start of the conflict due to higher refinery margins and output, as well as shifts in trade patterns, which exacerbated longer-term structural changes in the global refining industry. These changes were already expected to support products tonne-mile trade in 2022 (closures of older refineries in established demand centres, while newer capacity has opened up elsewhere, predominantly in the Middle East and Asia). LR2 and LR1 earnings rose to well above long-run averages, while MR earnings increased to record highs.